Kiwifruit have a very short history of cultivation，Domestication of Actinidia Species 獼猴桃的馴化發(fā)展歷史

Domestication of Actinidia Species
Kiwifruit have a very short history of cultivation. In China, they used to be simply collected from the wild (Ferguson & Huang, 2007). There were attempts to grow both A. chinensis and A. deliciosa outside China during the first years of the twentieth century, but only plants of A. deliciosa seem to have established successfully (Ferguson & Bollard, 1990). Seed and plants collected in China were sent to Europe, the United States, and New Zealand. In Europe and the United States, A. deliciosa did not develop into a commercial crop but remained merely a horticultural novelty grown by enthusiastic gardeners. A common problem was getting plants of both sexes, and there were only very occasional reports of successful fruiting. New Zealand was more fortunate in that both male and female plants must have been raised from the original introduction of seed in 1904 as fruit were being produced by 1910 (Ferguson & Bollard, 1990). A commercial orchard, the first in the world, was established by the 1930s and was soon followed by more widespread if still limited plantings. Commercial exports of fruit of A. deliciosa started in 1953. The success in the markets created such a demand that from 1970 onward, there was a rapid expansion of plantings, primarily to supply fruit for export, and by 1976, exports exceeded local consumption. Fruit of A. deliciosa have been available to consumers of most developed countries for nearly half a century.

▲redkiwifruit▲

獼猴桃的馴化發(fā)展歷史

獼猴桃的栽培歷史很短。在中國，它們過去只是從野外采集的（Ferguson&Huang，2007）。在二十世紀的頭幾年，有人試圖在中國境外種植中華白藜和美味白藜，但只有美味白藜蘆的植物似乎已經成功建立（Ferguson&Bollard，1990）。在中國收集的種子和植物被送往歐洲、美國和新西蘭。在歐洲和美國，美味水芹并沒有發(fā)展成為商業(yè)作物，但仍然只是由熱心的園丁種植的一種園藝新品種。一個常見的問題是獲得兩性植物，并且只有非常偶然的成功結果報告。新西蘭更幸運的是，雄性和雌性植物都是從1904年最初引入的種子中培育出來的，因為1910年開始生產水果（Ferguson&Bollard，1990）。20世紀30年代建立了世界上第一個商業(yè)果園，不久之后種植面積更大，但仍然有限。deliciosa水果的商業(yè)出口始于1953年。市場的成功創(chuàng)造了這樣一種需求，從1970年起，種植面積迅速擴大，主要是為了供應出口水果，到1976年，出口超過了當?shù)叵M。近半個世紀以來，大多數(shù)發(fā)達國家的消費者都能買到美味阿糖的果實。

▲redkiwifruit▲

The success of the New Zealand industry encouraged growers in other countries to start growing A. deliciosa using the cultivars and techniques that had proved successful. For many years, the plants grown in most of these other countries came from New Zealand and were therefore descended from the importation of seed in 1904 (Ferguson, 2004). The initial process of domestication of A. deliciosa thus started more than 100 years ago outside China, and the first commercial orchards were outside China. Fruit were being sold in international markets before cultivation of A. deliciosa or other Actinidia species had been even attempted in China.

▲kiwifruit▲

新西蘭產業(yè)的成功鼓勵其他國家的種植者開始使用已證明成功的品種和技術種植美味阿。多年來，大多數(shù)其他國家種植的植物來自新西蘭，因此是1904年進口種子的后代（Ferguson，2004）。因此，美味葡萄的馴化過程始于100多年前的中國境外，最早的商業(yè)果園位于中國境外。在中國種植美味獼猴桃或其他獼猴桃品種之前，水果就已經在國際市場上銷售。

▲Golden kiwifruit▲

Experimental cultivation of A. chinensis began in Beijing more recently, about 50 years ago, and orchards of selections of this species were being established in China around 1980, well before commercial cultivation started in other countries (Ferguson & Huang, 2007). Fruit of A. chinensis have become readily available in the international marketplace only during the last 5–10 years.

▲redkiwifruit▲

近50年前，北京開始了中華白屈菜的實驗栽培，1980年左右，中國開始建立該物種的果園，遠遠早于其他國家開始商業(yè)栽培（Ferguson&Huang，2007）。直到最近5-10年，中國蒿的果實才在國際市場上隨處可見。

▲redkiwifruit▲

Until recently, consumers expected kiwifruit to be hairy on the outside and green inside. The arrival in the marketplace of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit with a different flavor, the comparatively hairless fruit of A. chinensis, therefore marked a fundamental change. Even so, green-fleshed kiwifruit of A. deliciosa still account for 90–95% of the international trade in kiwifruit. It might have been predicted that the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (currently all A. chinensis) would become relatively more common but this seems unlikely, at least in the short term. The yellow-fleshed genotypes of A. chinensis cultivated in Italy, New Zealand, and some other countries seem particularly susceptible to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.

▲golden kiwi tree

直到最近，消費者還認為獼猴桃外表多毛，里面是綠色的。因此，具有不同風味的黃肉獼猴桃，即中國獼猴桃中相對無毛的水果，進入市場，標志著一個根本性的變化。即便如此，美味獼猴桃的綠色果肉仍然占獼猴桃國際貿易的90%-95%。據(jù)預測，黃肉獼猴桃（目前全是中國獼猴桃）將變得相對更常見，但這似乎不太可能，至少在短期內是這樣。在意大利、新西蘭和其他一些國家種植的黃肉中華按蚊基因型似乎對由丁香假單胞菌pv引起的細菌潰瘍特別敏感。

獼猴桃的馴化發(fā)展歷史

▲Kiwi sapling▲

▲golden kiwi plants